The Effects of Anger and Happiness on Opposite Valence Racial Stereotypes

This research examines angry and happy (versus neutral) emotions and how they affect ethnic stereotyping. Research has found that both anger and happiness increase a person’s reliance on stereotype information versus neutral emotion when making social judgments. Research has also found that ethnic stereotypes are not exclusively negative, as some stereotypes make positive generalizations of certain groups. However, research on ethnic stereotypes has exclusively been presented in a negative and not a positive context. Furthermore, past studies have only focused on negatively stereotyped racial groups (e.g., Hispanics) and not positively stereotyped racial groups (e.g., Asians). This research concentrates on both positively and negatively stereotyped groups, in both a negative and a positive context, with positive and negative emotions. This experiment explores Hispanic stereotypes in both a negative and positive context for participants who were induced to be either angry, happy, or neutral. Furthermore, we included an Asian ethnic condition, which is stereotype inconsistent from the aggressive trait associated with Hispanics. Implications about the effects and limitations that anger and happiness have on increasing stereotyping versus neutrality are also discussed

BACKGROUND OF MARRIAGE AND HARMONY BETWEEN THE BALINESE AND THE CHINESE WITHIN THE DESA PAKRAMAN IN BALI

Chinese and Balinese are two different ethnicities.they also have marriage preferences,because they belog to different social grouping. Althought they have their own social groups, srossed-marriages, i.e. Chinese and balinesa have taken place in Bali. There are many Chinese people become the members of desa pakraman which is as sign ( or features of identity ) on the Balinese people. It can be assumed that integrated relation of both ethnic groups are based on ethnic stereotypes, i.e. subjective overview about ethnicity. This article will discuss the stereotypes of both ethnic groups with regard to the context of crossed-marriage and the togethernees of both of the two different ethics in the desa pakraman IN Bali. The results of the analyses indicate that ethnic stereotypes to crossed-marriage and togetherness of Balinese and Chinese Desa Pakraman include subjective overview indicating same signs ( features ) that each ethnic group has. Those features are physic ( beautiful, hand some ), economic aspect, attitude, and social behavior. In choosing a future husband or wife, either physical orientations are not the same, values of other aspects ( economy, religion, and attitude ) are used as other consideration so that crossed-marriage of two different ethnics were taken place. It is have certain reasons to note that especially in the togetherness as part of traditions that were inherited from their ancestors. They thought that although they belong to different ethnicities, they still feel that they belong to a ‘family’. Apart from that, the Balinese, on one hand, exploit the desa pakraman Key words: Cross-ethnic marriage, desa pakraman, and living together

AUDIENCE'S PERCEPTION OF CULTURAL/ETHNIC STEREOTYPES IN TV SHOWS

Ethnic Stereotypes in media and why they matter: Much research has focused on the existence of both positive and negative stereotypes in television. The fact is that stereotypes are still present in the media and have several implications for the ethnic and social groups included. Racial or ethnic stereotypes, which are the main topic in this research, are generalizations about an out-group. Processes of this research: This study examines relevant research articles about the portrayals in television of ethnic and cultural groups. Literature suggests that television still plays an important role in reinforcing stereotypes. These articles provide the starting point for future research about the possible effects on the audience regarding cultural stereotypes in TV shows, especially African American stereotypes; Latino stereotypes; Asian stereotypes; and interracial relationships. Results: The repeated depiction of cultural stereotypes in television shows reinforces and validates the notion of the ―other.‖ The articles reviewed for this research provide the most relevant findings regarding this issue. However, further research needs to be done to determine the possible effects on the audience and changes in attitudes towards different cultural or ethnic groups after the exposure to these stereotypes and how the effects could impact reallife interactions among different groups

AUDIENCE'S PERCEPTION OF CULTURAL/ETHNIC STEREOTYPES IN TV SHOWS

Ethnic Stereotypes in media and why they matter: Much research has focused on the existence of both positive and negative stereotypes in television. The fact is that stereotypes are still present in the media and have several implications for the ethnic and social groups included. Racial or ethnic stereotypes, which are the main topic in this research, are generalizations about an out-group. Processes of this research: This study examines relevant research articles about the portrayals in television of ethnic and cultural groups. Literature suggests that television still plays an important role in reinforcing stereotypes. These articles provide the starting point for future research about the possible effects on the audience regarding cultural stereotypes in TV shows, especially African American stereotypes; Latino stereotypes; Asian stereotypes; and interracial relationships. Results: The repeated depiction of cultural stereotypes in television shows reinforces and validates the notion of the ―other.‖ The articles reviewed for this research provide the most relevant findings regarding this issue. However, further research needs to be done to determine the possible effects on the audience and changes in attitudes towards different cultural or ethnic groups after the exposure to these stereotypes and how the effects could impact reallife interactions among different groups

Breaking the Mold: Four Asian American women define beauty, detail identity, and deconstruct stereotypes

The experiences of four women reveal how notions of outer beauty touch ideas of personal ethnic identity, racism, media-imposed pressure, and social stereotypes; shaping the lives of Chinese, Chinese American, and Asian American women

Test Scores, Subjective Assessment and Stereotyping of Ethnic Minorities

We assess whether ethnic minority pupils are subject to low teacher expectations. We exploit the English testing system of “quasi-blind” externally marked tests and “non-blind” internal assessment to compare differences in these assessment methods between White and ethnic minority pupils. We find evidence that some ethnic groups are systematically “under-assessed” relative to their White peers, while some are “over-assessed”. We propose a stereotype model in which a teacher’s local experience of an ethnic group affects assessment of current pupils; this is supported by the data.Subjective assessment, stereotypes, education, test score gaps, ethnic minorities

An Initial Test of an Intervention Designed to Help Youth Question Negative Ethnic Stereotypes.

The present study tested a social cognitive-ecological model to gain an understanding of factors that influence negative ethnic stereotypes and aggressive beliefs toward outside groups. The first goal of this study was to explore how differences in cognition (empathy, perspective taking, social identity, critical thinking) relate to ethnic prejudice and out-group aggressive beliefs. The hypotheses for this goal were that empathy for an out group would relate negatively to ethnic prejudice, negative ethnic stereotypes and aggressive beliefs toward outside groups. Also, it was hypothesized that negative ethnic stereotypes and aggressive beliefs would relate positively to strong ethnic identity and to television viewing of ethnic political violence. The second goal of the study was to test the efficacy of an intervention aimed at reducing ethnic stereotypes and increasing empathy for out-groups among high school students. The hypotheses for this goal were that the intervention would increase perspective taking and empathic behavior resulting in a reduction of youths’ negative ethnic stereotypes and aggressive beliefs toward outside groups. Using an immediate and delayed intervention design, a sample of predominately Arab and Jewish youth from two high schools in the Detroit metropolitan area were recruited. There were 192 students in the first phase of the study. In the intervention phase of the study, 153 students participated with 93 receiving the intervention immediately after the baseline pretest and 60 receiving it on a delayed basis after the first post-test. Thirty-one of the 153, served as peer educators, delivering the intervention curriculum to the 122 peer trainees in 4 sessions. Correlational results supported the first set of hypotheses. Mixed results were found in the intervention phase for the second set of hypotheses. Results showed that the intervention significantly impacted peer educators. Their agreement and support of explicit ethnic stereotypes and desire to engage in critical thinking improved from before to after intervention relative to the peer trainees. Scores for all youth on the implicit measure of negative stereotypes decreased. Furthermore, the peer educators’ negative stereotypes about outside groups decreased significantly relative to the waiting list control group’s negative stereotypes.Ph.D.Social Work and PsychologyUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/91482/1/visaad_1.pd

Stereotypes and prejudices in intercultural communication the indigenous Moslem and ethnic Chinese in Medan

The aims of this research are 1). to analyze the stereotypes and prejudices in intercultural communication and the indigenous Moslem ethnic Chinese in Medan; 2). to obtain a pattern of communication used by indige nous Moslem and ethnic Chinese in Medan; 3). to find patterns of social interaction that exists between indigenous Moslem and the ethnic Chinese in Medan; 4). to analyze intercultural communication barriers caused by stereotypes and prejudices. This study uses a qualitative method with phenomenological approach using the target depth interviews with 40 informants with saturated the data obtained from the ethnic Chinese and indigenous Moslem. An important result of research shows that 1). In intercultural co mmunication and the indigenous Moslem ethnic Chinese in Medan still marked the elements of stereotypes and prejudice, giving rise to social distance and become an obstacle to the harmonization of relations native Moslem and ethnic Chinese in Medan. Stereot ypes are marked with various labels of each ethnic namely: happy group; Strong family ties; rude and arrogant; aggressive and uncouth; steal; cunning and like broken promises; less educated; tenacious and hardworking; prejudice against ethnic expressed in various forms, namely: anti dwelling; avoidance; discrimination; Intercultural communication between them in the end did not take place effectively, in which each ethnic group retains his ethnic identity and do not want to understand the culture of other e thnic groups. Furthermore, communication is established finally only apparent, rigid, and superficial. While effective communication occurs only limited in the public domain. 2). The pattern of communication between Indigenous and ethnic Chinese Moslem in the city of Medan is the primary communication and circular patterns. The pattern in which the primary communication occurs between the nuclear family and extended family from both sides. The pattern of circular communication where the communication patter n between indeginous Moslem and ethnic Chinese with their neighborhoods. 3). Intercultural interaction with the ethnic Chinese native Moslem is not effective and does not take place between 3 harmonis.di existing pattern of interaction then Associative Pat tern is a pattern of interaction that are relevant to this study. 4). Stereotypes and prejudice are two main obstacles in intercultural communication indigenous Moslem and ethnic Chinese in Medan. Keywords: Stereotypes, Prejudice, Intercultural Communication, Indigenous Moslem, ethnic Chines

Analisis faktor, kesahan dan keboleh percayaan instrumen inventori Stereotaip Multietnik Malaysia (ISMEM)

This study aimed to test the validity and reliability of the Inventory of Malaysian Multi Ethnic Stereotypes (ISMEM) instrument developed by the researchers. The qualitative phase was using in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The employment of qualitative method was to explore the concept of stereotypes among the ethnic groups. Quantitative phase involves the formation of items by themed and categorised the items that were built from the qualitative phase. A total of 1,000 university students from various ethnic groups in Malaysia were involved in the quantitative phase. Exploratory factor analysis on ISMEM has formed two main components labelled as Antecedents Stereotypes and Phenomenon Stereotypes. The psychometric assessment of ISMEM involves i) testing the construct validity between the Antecedents Stereotypes and the Phenomenon Stereotypes; (ii) determining the convergent validity between the Antecedents Stereotypes and the Phenomenon Stereotypes; (iii) testing the reliability coefficient of the Antecedents Stereotypes and the Phenomenon Stereotypes, and (iv) examining the item quality of the Antecedents Stereotypes and the Phenomenon Stereotypes. An assessment of the suitability of data for factor analysis was conducted before the psychometric assessment was carried out. The correlation (r≥.30) between the scores of the Antecedents Stereotypes and the Phenomenon Stereotypes suggested a reasonable factoring. Construct validity test such as the Test Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin, the Bartlettt's Test of Sphereity, the communality, the load factor, the Eigen value and the percentage of variance factor in both components of the Antecedents Stereotypes and the Phenomenon Stereotypes are reasonable. The reliability value of Cronbach Alpha for the Antecedents Stereotypes (α = .897-.933) and the Phenomenon Stereotypes are well accepted (α = .706 -.821). Therefore, ISMEM is a reliable and valid measure. However, further studies need to be conducted in other groups of sample to further validate the instrument